Ngokwesilinganiso, i-International Energy Agency (IEA) yakhipha ngaphambilini "Umbiko Okhethekile we-Photovoltaic Global Supply Chain", okubonisa ukuthi kusukela ngo-2011, i-China itshale imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50 zamaRandi ukuze kwandiswe umthamo wokukhiqiza wemishini ye-photovoltaic, okuyizikhathi ze-10. lokho eYurophu.I-China idale imisebenzi yokukhiqiza engaphezu kwezi-300,000;Imboni yokukhiqiza i-photovoltaic yaseChina ithatha okungenani u-80% wamandla okukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke kuzo zonke izixhumanisi zokukhiqiza zamaphaneli elanga, kusukela ezintweni ze-silicon, ama-silicon ingots, ama-wafers kuya kumaseli namamojula, phakathi kwawo okuphansi kakhulu Okuphakeme kakhulu yi-silicon (79.4%), futhi eliphezulu kakhulu i-silicon ingot (96.8%).I-IEA iphinde ibikezele ukuthi ngo-2025, amandla okukhiqiza e-China kwezinye izixhumanisi azofinyelela ku-95% noma ngaphezulu.

Akumangalisi ukuthi i-IEA izosebenzisa igama elithi "dominate" ukuchaza isimo semboni ye-photovoltaic yaseShayina, futhi isho nokuthi ibeka usongo oluthile ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka nge-photovoltaic emhlabeni jikelele. ohulumeni kudingeka babhekane nakho.”Uma ukubheka ngendlela efanele, kuthakazelisa nakakhulu ukuthi ukuhlaziya kwe-“New York Times” kubheka imboni ye-photovoltaic yaseChina njengosongo olukhulu.“Ithiyori yosongo” yokugcina isengaba yi-5G.

Kodwa amaphaneli elanga akusona ukuphela kwesixhumanisi se-PV value chain ephethwe yizinkampani zaseShayina.Lesi sihloko sigxile kwenye idivayisi engaziwa kancane, kodwa ebaluleke ngokulinganayo ezinhlelweni zokuphehla amandla e-photovoltaic-i-photovoltaic inverter.

I-Inverter, inhliziyo nobuchopho be-photovoltaics

I-inverter ye-photovoltaic ingakwazi ukuguqula okwamanje okuqondile okukhiqizwe imojula yeseli yelanga ibe yamanje eshintshanayo nemvamisa eguquguqukayo futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza nokuphila.I-inverter futhi inesibopho sokukhulisa amandla okukhiqiza amandla amaphaneli e-photovoltaic futhi inikeze ukuvikelwa kwephutha lesistimu, kufaka phakathi kodwa kungagcini ekusebenzeni okuzenzakalelayo kanye nemisebenzi yokuvala shaqa, imisebenzi yokulawula ukulandelela amandla aphezulu, uchungechunge lwemisebenzi edingwa izinhlelo ezixhunywe kugridi, njll. .

Ngamanye amazwi, umsebenzi oyinhloko we-photovoltaic inverter ungafingqwa njengokulandelela amandla aphezulu okukhipha we-photovoltaic module array, futhi unikeze amandla awo kugridi ngokulahlekelwa okuncane kakhulu kokuguqulwa kanye nekhwalithi yamandla engcono kakhulu.Ngaphandle “kwenhliziyo nobuchopho” balesi simiso se-photovoltaic, ugesi okhiqizwa amangqamuzana elanga amanje ubungeke utholakale kubantu.

Ngokombono wesikhundla se-industrial chain, i-inverter itholakala phansi kwemboni ye-photovoltaic, futhi ingena kusixhumanisi ohlelweni lokwakha uhlelo lokukhiqiza amandla (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni).

Ngokombono wezindleko, isilinganiso se-photovoltaic inverters ngezindleko aziphezulu.Ngokuvamile, ingxenye yezinhlelo ze-photovoltaic ezisabalalisiwe iphakeme kunaleyo yezitshalo ezinkulu zamandla aphansi.

Ama-inverters amanje we-photovoltaic anezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlukanisa, ezivame kakhulu futhi eziqondakala kalula, futhi zihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo zomkhiqizo.Kunezinhlobo ezine ikakhulukazi: i-centralized, string, distributed and micro inverters.Phakathi kwazo, i-micro-inverter ihluke kakhulu kwamanye amadivaysi amathathu, futhi ingasetshenziswa kuphela ezinhlelweni ezincane zokukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic, njenge-photovoltaics yasekhaya, futhi ayifanele izinhlelo ezinkulu.

Ngokombono wesabelo semakethe, abaguquli bezintambo bathathe isikhundla esiphezulu, ama-inverter amaphakathi abekwe endaweni yesibili ngegebe elikhulu, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zibalwe ngokuncane kakhulu.Ngokusho kwedatha enikezwe i-CPIA, ama-inverters ezintambo angu-69.6%, ama-inverters aphakathi nendawo angu-27.7%, ama-inverter asabalalisiwe anesabelo semakethe esilinganiselwa ku-2.7%, kanti ama-inverter amancane awabonakali.izibalo.

Isizathu sokuthi kungani imikhiqizo yamanje ye-inverter ejwayelekile kakhulu yohlobo lwentambo ukuthi: ububanzi be-voltage yokusebenza bubanzi futhi amandla okukhiqiza amandla aqinile ekukhanyeni okuphansi;inverter eyodwa ilawula izingxenye zebhethri ezimbalwa, ngokuvamile amashumi ambalwa kuphela, amancane kakhulu kune-inverter ephakathi nendawo Inani lezinkulungwane zamajeneretha, umthelela wokwehluleka okungalindelekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokuphehlwa kwamandla uphansi uma kuqhathaniswa;izindleko zokusebenza nezokulungisa ziphansi, ukutholwa kwephutha kulula, futhi uma iphutha lenzeka, isikhathi sokuxazulula inkinga sifushane, futhi ukwehluleka nokunakekela kubangela ukulahlekelwa okuncane.

Kodwa-ke, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ngaphezu kwezitshalo zamandla amakhulu, imboni ye-photovoltaic nayo inezimo eziningi zohlelo lokusebenza, futhi kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-photovoltaics ezisatshalaliswa, njenge-photovoltaics yasendlini, ama-photovoltaics ophahleni lwefektri, i-photovoltaic yesakhiwo esiphezulu. izindonga zamakhethini, njalonjalo.Ezikhungweni ezinjalo zokukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic, umbuso nawo unezinhlelo ezihambisanayo.Isibonelo, kuHlelo Lokusebenza Lokukhuphuka Kwekhabhoni Ekwakhiweni Kwasemadolobheni Nasemaphandleni olukhishwe uMnyango Wezezindlu kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezindawo Zasemakhaya kanye neKhomishini Kazwelonke Yokuthuthukiswa Nezinguquko ngoJulayi, kuthiwa ngo-2025, izakhiwo ezintsha zesikhungo somphakathi, Uphahla. izinga lokufakwa kwe-photovoltaic lesakhiwo semboni esanda kwakhiwa sizofinyelela ku-50%.Izimo ezihlukene zohlelo lokusebenza zinezidingo ezahlukene ze-photovoltaic inverters, futhi ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni ye-photovoltaic, umthelela wokuphindaphinda kwezobuchwepheshe embonini awukwazi ukushaywa indiva, okwenza isakhiwo semakethe se-photovoltaic inverters singaqiniseki.

Mayelana nosayizi wemakethe, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi ngaphezu kwenkampani eyodwa ehamba phambili embonini ye-inverter ayikafakwa ohlwini, ukudalulwa kolwazi olungaphelele kubangele ubunzima obuthile bezibalo, okubangele umehluko othile kudatha enikezwe izikhungo ezahlukene ngenxa umthelela wezinga.

Ngokombono wosayizi wemakethe, ngokwezibalo zokuthunyelwa: Ukuthunyelwa kwe-IHS Markit's PV inverter ngo-2021 cishe ku-218GW, ukukhuphuka konyaka nonyaka cishe ngama-27%;Idatha kaWood Mackenzie ingaphezu kuka-225GW, Ukunyuka konyaka ngonyaka ngama-22%.

Isizathu sokuthi kungani imboni yamanje ye-photovoltaic inverter inokuncintisana okukhulu kungenxa yenzuzo enkulu yamanani elethwa ikhono elizinzile lokulawula izindleko lamabhizinisi asekhaya.Kulesi sigaba, cishe zonke izinhlobo ze-inverter e-China zinenzuzo yezindleko ezisobala, futhi izindleko nge-watt ngayinye zingama-50% noma ngisho nama-20% wezindleko zaphesheya.

Ukwehliswa kwezindleko kanye nokwenyuka kwekhono kuyisiqondiso sokwenza kahle

Kulesi sigaba, ama-inverters e-photovoltaic asekhaya asungule inzuzo ethile yokuncintisana, kodwa-ke lokhu akusho ukuthi akukho nokwenzeka kokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo embonini.Izindlela eziyinhloko zokunciphisa izindleko ze-photovoltaic inverters zesikhathi esizayo zizogxila ezicini ezintathu: ukwenziwa kwasendaweni kwezingxenye ezibalulekile, ukuthuthukiswa kokuqina kwamandla kanye nokusha kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ngokuya ngesakhiwo sezindleko, izinto eziqondile ze-photovoltaic inverters zibalwa ngenani eliphakeme kakhulu, elidlula i-80%, elingahlukaniswa cishe izingxenye ezine: ama-semiconductors amandla (ikakhulukazi ama-IGBT), izingxenye zemishini (izingxenye zepulasitiki, ama-die castings, ama-radiators; Izingxenye zensimbi zeshidi, njll.), izinto ezisizayo (izinto zokuvikela, izinto zokupakisha, njll.), nezinye izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi (ama-capacitor, inductors, ama-circuits ahlanganisiwe, njll.).Intengo ejwayelekile yezinto ezisetshenziswa kuma-inverters e-photovoltaic ithinteke kakhulu ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezikhuphukayo, ubunzima bokukhiqiza abukho phezulu, ukuncintisana kwemakethe sekwanele, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko okuqhubekayo kunzima, futhi indawo yokuxoxisana ilinganiselwe, engakwazi ukunikeza okuningi. usizo lokwehliswa okwengeziwe kwezindleko zama-inverters.

Kodwa amadivaysi e-semiconductor ahlukile.Ama-semiconductors kagesi abiza u-10% kuya ku-20% wezindleko ze-inverter.Ziyizici ezibalulekile zokubona umsebenzi wokuguqula i-DC-AC we-inverter, futhi zinqume ngokuqondile ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwemishini.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezithiyo eziphakeme zezimboni zama-IGBT, izinga lendawo kulesi sigaba aliphezulu.

Lokhu kwenza ama-semiconductors amandla abe namandla entengo anamandla kunamanye amadivaysi.Futhi ukushoda kwe-semiconductor yomhlaba wonke kanye nokwenyuka kwentengo kusukela ngo-2021 okuholele ekucindezelweni okusobala kwenzuzo yama-inverters, futhi imajini yenzuzo ephelele yemikhiqizo yehle kakhulu.Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwama-semiconductors asekhaya, imboni ye-inverter kulindeleke ukuthi ibone ukushintshwa kwendawo kwama-IGBT esikhathini esizayo futhi izuze ukuncishiswa kwezindleko kukonke.

Ukwanda kokuminyana kwamandla kubhekisela ekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo enamandla aphakeme ngaphansi kwesisindo esifanayo, noma imikhiqizo elula ngaphansi kwamandla afanayo, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe izindleko ezingashintshi zezingxenye zesakhiwo/izinto ezisizayo kanye nokuzuza imiphumela yokunciphisa izindleko ehlobene.Ngokombono wamapharamitha womkhiqizo, ama-inverter ahlukahlukene amanje ahlala ethuthukisa amandla alinganiselwe kanye nokuminyana kwamandla.

Ukuphindaphinda kwezobuchwepheshe kuqondile.Imboni ye-inverter ingafinyelela ekulawuleni izindleko futhi iqhubeke nokuvula amamajini enzuzo ngokuqhubeka nokwenza kahle ukwakheka komkhiqizo, ukunciphisa izinto zokwakha, ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza, nokushintshela kumadivayisi asebenza kahle kakhulu.

Umhlaba olandelayo, ukugcinwa kwamandla?

Ngokungeziwe kuma-photovoltaics, enye inkomba yemakethe yemboni ye-inverter yamanje isitoreji samandla ashisayo ngokulinganayo.

Ukukhiqiza amandla e-Photovoltaic, ikakhulukazi amasistimu we-photovoltaic asatshalaliswa, anokuphazamiseka kwemvelo nokuguquguquka.Ukuxhuma kumasistimu okugcina amandla ukuze kuzuzwe ukunikezwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo futhi okuzinzile kuyisixazululo esaziwayo kabanzi.

Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zesistimu entsha yamandla, Isistimu Yokuguqula Amandla (PCS; ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi inverter yokugcina amandla ukuze kube lula ukuqonda) ibe khona.I-PCS iwuhlelo lwe-electrochemical oluxhuma isistimu yebhethri kanye negridi yamandla ukuze kubonakale ukuguqulwa okuphindwe kabili kwamandla kagesi.Ayikwazi ukuguqula isimanje esishintshayo sibe esamanje esiqondile ukuze ishaje ibhethri ngesikhathi sokulayishwa kwebhethri, kodwa futhi iguqule amandla amanje aqondile ebhethri yesitoreji ibe yamanje eshintshanayo phakathi nesikhathi somthwalo ophakeme futhi ixhume kugridi..

Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, igridi yamandla inezidingo zokusebenza eziphezulu zama-inverter okugcina amandla, okuholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwenani lezingxenye ezisetshenzisiwe, ezingaba cishe kabili kuneziguquli ezivamile ze-photovoltaic.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi futhi iletha izithiyo zobuchwepheshe eziphakeme.

Ngokufanayo, nakuba isikali sisonke singesikhulu kakhulu, inverter yokugcina amandla isivele ibonise inzuzo enhle kakhulu, futhi umkhawulo wenzuzo enkulu unenzuzo enkulu ngaphezu kwe-photovoltaic inverter.

Uma sibheka isimo samanje semboni, imakethe yokugcina amandla yaphesheya yaqala ekuqaleni, futhi isidingo sinamandla kunase-China.Izinkampani zasekhaya azikasunguli ukubusa kwemakethe okufana nalokho kwezingxenye zebhethri nama-inverter embonini.Kodwa-ke, izinga lemakethe lama-inverters okugcina amandla kulesi sigaba alikhulu, futhi kukhona igebe elikhulu elinama-photovoltaic inverters.Awukho umehluko osobala ekuqhudelaneni phakathi kwezinkampani zakuleli nezangaphandle, okuwumphumela ikakhulukazi wokukhetha ibhizinisi.

Kumabhizinisi, nakuba kunezithiyo ezithile zobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe be-inverters yokugcina amandla kanye ne-photovoltaic inverters inemvelaphi efanayo, futhi akunzima kakhulu ukuthi amabhizinisi aguqule.Futhi emakethe yasekhaya, eqhutshwa yizimboni kanye nenqubomgomo, imboni yokugcina amandla ingene esikhathini sokuthuthuka okusheshayo, ngokukhula okuphawulekayo kwemakethe nokuqiniseka okuqinile kwemboni, okuwumhlahlandlela ocacile wokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi wezinkampani ze-inverter.

Eqinisweni, izinkampani eziningi ziye zazuza ekulindelweni okuhle kwemboni yokugcina amandla.Uma sibheka ukusebenza ngo-2021, imigqa yebhizinisi lokugcina amandla ezinkampanini eziningi ibonise ukukhula okuqinile.Nakuba lokhu kukhula kunobudlelwano obuthile nesisekelo esiphansi, kwanele ukufakazela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwemishini ehlobene nokugcinwa kwamandla kunesiqiniseko esiqinile, futhi akungabazeki ukuthi kunomqondo omuhle webhizinisi nokukhula.

Umzila wesikhathi esizayo wokunciphisa izindleko zama-inverters okugcina amandla nawo ucacile, ongefani kakhulu nama-inverters e-photovoltaic.Igxile ekwehliseni intengo yezingxenye, ikakhulukazi ukushintshwa okwasendaweni kwama-semiconductors kagesi.Njengoba inani lezingxenye ezisetshenzisiwe likhulu kakhulu, ezikhiqizwa ekhaya Umphumela wokunciphisa izindleko olethwa ukushintshwa ungakhuliswa nakakhulu.

Uma izinkampani ze-inverter zisheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yokuguqula isitoreji samandla, zithembele ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwemboni yokugcina amandla kanye nezinzuzo ezimisiwe zokuncintisana zama-inverters axhunywe kugridi, sinesizathu esihle sokukholelwa ukuthi imboni yendawo inalo lonke ithuba lokuthembela eChina. Izinzuzo zokukhiqiza, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kokuchuma kwemboni ye-photovoltaic ochungechungeni lwenani lokugcina amandla, kanye nempumelelo yokuhweba yamabhizinisi asekhaya nakho kuyimiphumela yemvelo.